基础知识背景 — 什么是小G蛋白?
小G蛋白(Small G Protein)因分子量只有20—30KD而得名,同时具有GTP酶活性,小G蛋白家族成员在细胞信号通路中发挥分子开关的功能,参与调控很多生物学过程。小G蛋白的共同特点是,当结合了GTP时即成为活化形式,这时可作用于下游分子使之活化,而当GTP水解成为GDP时(自身为GTP酶)则恢复到非活化状态。这一点与G蛋白里的Gα类似,但是小G蛋白的分子量明显低于Gα。
在细胞中存在着一些专门控制小G蛋白活性的小G蛋白调节因子,有的可以增强小G蛋白的活性,如鸟苷酸交换因子(guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF)和鸟苷酸解离抑制因子(Guanine nucleotide dissociation Inhibitor, GDI),有的可以降低小G蛋白活性,如GTP酶活化蛋白(GTPase activating protein, GAP)。
第一个被发现的小G蛋白是Ras,它是Ras基因的产物。小G蛋白的Ras超家族由超过150个成员组成,基于它们的序列同源性,被分成若干亚家族,例如Rho,Ras,Ran,Rab,Arf和Rad / Rem / Gem / Kir。
小G蛋白超家族成员及其相关功能:
亚家族 | 功能 | 成员 |
Ras | 细胞增殖 | DIRAS1; DIRAS2; DIRAS3; ERAS; GEM; HRAS; KRAS; MRAS; NKIRAS1; NKIRAS2; NRAS; RALA; RALB; RAP1A; RAP1B; RAP2A; RAP2B; RAP2C; RASD1; RASD2; RASL10A; RASL10B; RASL11A; RASL11B; RASL12; REM1; REM2; RERG; RERGL; RRAD; RRAS; RRAS2 |
Rho | 细胞骨架的动力与形态 | RHOA; RHOB; RHOBTB1; RHOBTB2; RHOBTB3; RHOC; RHOD; RHOF; RHOG; RHOH; RHOJ; RHOQ; RHOU; RHOV; RND1; RND2; RND3; RAC1; RAC2; RAC3; CDC42 |
Rab | 膜转运 | RAB1A; RAB1B; RAB2; RAB3A; RAB3B; RAB3C; RAB3D; RAB4A; RAB4B; RAB5A; RAB5B; RAB5C; RAB6A; RAB6B; RAB6C; RAB7A; RAB7B; RAB7L1; RAB8A; RAB8B; RAB9; RAB9B; RABL2A; RABL2B; RABL4; RAB10; RAB11A; RAB11B; RAB12; RAB13; RAB14; RAB15;RAB17; RAB18; RAB19; RAB20; RAB21; RAB22A; RAB23; RAB24; RAB25; RAB26; RAB27A; RAB27B; RAB28; RAB2B; RAB30; RAB31; RAB32; RAB33A; RAB33B; RAB34; RAB35; RAB36; RAB37; RAB38; RAB39; RAB39B; RAB40A; RAB40AL;RAB40B; RAB40C; RAB41;RAB42; RAB43 |
Rap | 细胞粘附 | RAP1A; RAP1B; RAP2A; RAP2B; RAP2C |
Arf | 囊泡转运 | ARF1; ARF3; ARF4; ARF5; ARF6; ARL1; ARL2; ARL3; ARL4; ARL5; ARL5C; ARL6; ARL7; ARL8; ARL9; ARL10A; ARL10B; ARL10C; ARL11; ARL13A; ARL13B; ARL14; ARL15; ARL16; ARL17; TRIM23, ARL4D; ARFRP1; ARL13B |
Ran | 核运输 | RAN |
Rheb | mTOR途径 | RHEB; RHEBL1 |
RGK | RRAD; GEM; REM; REM2 | |
Rit | RIT1; RIT2 | |
Miro | 线粒体转运 | RHOT1; RHOT2 |
Ras蛋白主要参与细胞增殖和信号转导;Rho蛋白对细胞骨架网络的构成发挥调节作用;Rab蛋白则参与调控细胞内膜交通(membrane traffic),其他家族成员也在细胞信号通路中发挥着非常重要的作用。
因此,研究GTP酶(GTPase)的活化调控机制具有广泛而深远的生物学意义。
传统检测Rho 蛋白活化水平的方法主要为pull-down检测。pull-down法往往存在耗时长、需要样本量大、不太适合高通量检测等缺点。为克服传统方法这些方面的缺点,Cytoskeleton公司开发了新一代的G-LISA™检测方法,用于快速简便地检测GTP酶活化水平。
G-LISA实验原理及操作步骤
1.首先将效应蛋白的受体结合域(RBD)包被96孔板;
2.样本中GTP(活化状态)结合形式的蛋白分子则可结合到板上,而GDP(无活性状态)结合形式蛋白则不结合;
3.洗去未结合的蛋白;
4.然后依次加入特异性的一抗和HRP-二抗进行孵育结合;
5.最后利用合适的酶底物OPD或化学发光试剂显色。
Swiss 3T3 细胞中,Activators活化的Rho蛋白(左)和Rac蛋白(右)
传统Pull down法和G-LISA法的比较
传统Pull down法 | G-LISA | |
原理 | 用包被效应蛋白的亲和磁珠选择性的结合有活性的GTPase,用western blot检测信号 | 用包被效应蛋白的96孔板选择性的结合有活性的GTPase 用ELISA检测信号 |
实验设备 | SDS-PAGE、Western blot相关仪器 | ELISA相关仪器 |
上样量 | 300 - 2000 µg per assay | 5 - 50 µg per assay |
样品数量 | Up to 10 samples | Up to 96 samples (or more) |
结果定量 | WB具有很窄的线性范围。此外,样品的多次操作也会导致某种程度上的变异分析。 | 提供精确定量的数字读数 |
反应时间 | 10-12h | <3h |
对比视频网址 | https://www.cytoskeleton.com/activationassayvideo |
G-LISA法对比传统的pull down,主要有操作简便、上样量少、可同时检测多个样本、反应时间短、定量结果准确、与小鼠、大鼠和人的组织和细胞兼容等优势。
小G蛋白活化检测试剂盒Pull-down实验结果展示:
Lanes 4 & 5:10 ng/ ml of EGF, 2min
Lanes 2 & 3: Persistent serum starvation
Lanes 1: 20 ng of recombinant Rac1-His protein run as a western blot standard
小G蛋白活化检测试剂盒G-LISA实验结果展示:
分别用CN01(蓝色Activators)和LPA(红色)处理后RhoA的活化进程
已发表精彩文章赏析:
(1)M.L. Schultz et al. 2014. CLN3 deficient cells display defects in the Arf1-Cdc42 pathway and actin-dependent events. PLoS ONE. 9: e96647. (Cat. # BK132)
Figure 7. The impact of ARHGAP21 overexpression on endocytosis.
(A) Cln3−/− and Cln3R MBECs were transfected with GFP, WT-Cdc42, dominant negative Cdc42 (DN-Cdc42), or ARHGAP21 expressing plasmids and Cdc42-GTP levels measured. (B) MBECs were transfected with GFP negative control, WT-Cdc42, or ARHGAP21(GAP21) constructs and rhodamine-conjugated dextran uptake was assessed as in Fig. 2. Results represent the mean of three independent experiments.
Figure8. ARF1-GTP is reduced in CLN3-null MBECs.
(A) ARF1-GTP levels were quantified in Cln3R and Cln3−/− MBEC lysates. (B) Total ARF1 protein levels were quantified in Cln3R and Cln3−/− MBEC lysates by western blot, expressed as band intensity normalized to the actin loading control. Data represent the mean of (A) five and (B) three independent experiments.
(2)M.J. Herr et al., 2014. Tetraspanin CD9 regulates cell contraction and actin arrangement via RhoA in human vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS ONE. 9:e106999. (Cat. # BK124)
Figure 4. Activation of RhoA restores the contractile capabilities of CD9 shRNA HAOSMC and partially restores actin arrangement.
A and B, GTP-bound (active) and total RhoA was quantitated using whole cell lysates of Ctr shRNA HAOSMC or CD9 shRNA HAOSMC treated with the RhoA activator CN03 (2.0 µg/ml) for two h (n = 3; NS = not significant; **P<0.01). C and D, CD9 shRNA cells were treated with CN03 (2.0 µg/ml) for two h prior to releasing the sides of a collagen gel contraction assay. A representative image of a collagen gel contraction taken at 6 h and quantification of collagen gel contraction from 0-6h is shown (n = 3/time point). E, A representative immunofluorescent stained image of f-actin arrangement from three independently repeated experiments in untreated Ctr shRNA and CD9 shRNA treated with 2.0 µg/ml of CN03 for two h (scale bar, 50 µm). F, Actin filament length was quantified using ImageJ analysis software (n = 15 cells; *P<0.05).
Cytoskeleton提供的小G蛋白活化检测试剂盒:
G-LISA® Format Bundle RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 G-LISA Assay (BK135) Arf1G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK132) Arf6 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK133) RhoA G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK124) RhoA G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK121) Rac1,2,3 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK125) Rac1 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK128) Rac1 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK126) Cdc42 G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK127) RalA G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK129) Ras G-LISA Assay (Cat. # BK131) |
Pull-down Format Combo RhoA/Rac1/Cdc42 Pull-down Assay (BK030) Arf1 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK032-S) Arf6 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK033-S) Cdc42 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK034) Rac1 Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK035) RalA Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK040) Ras Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK008) RhoA Pull-down Assay (Cat. # BK036) |
Cytoskeleton公司成立于1993年,专注于生物化学和细胞过程研究中的纯化蛋白和便捷试剂盒开发与生产。公司提供药物筛选、信号转导、蛋白质转录后修饰(PTM)、细胞骨架研究相关的系列试剂盒和产品,尤其以细胞骨架相关研究见长,既能满足于样品较少的科学研究,也可以用于小规模筛选研究和高通量大规模筛选研究。目前主要的产品有340余种,其产品主要覆盖肌动蛋白,微管蛋白,马达蛋白,小G蛋白,细胞外基质,活细胞成像等相关领域,提供对应的蛋白质,抗体,检测与分析试剂盒,并且产品线还在不断的扩大中。此外,公司还提供微管蛋白,肌动蛋白,小G蛋白,GAPs,GEFs等现有产品的药物筛选服务。
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